The loss of signal energy over distance. As a signal moves through a medium, the medium's resistance converts some of that electrical energy into heat. This requires the use of amplifiers or repeaters.
The signal level remains constant during a bit duration. NRZ-L (Level) changes voltage based on bit value; NRZ-I (Invert) inverts the voltage when a '1' is encountered. The loss of signal energy over distance
Data transmission, as defined by Katre, is the process of transferring data between two devices over a transmission medium using hardware and software protocols. University of Mumbai Direction of Transmission : Data can flow in three modes: : One-way communication (e.g., traditional television). Half-Duplex The signal level remains constant during a bit duration
The physical layout of a network, known as , determines how devices are connected. Common types include: University of Mumbai Direction of Transmission : Data